The Ming Great Wall in Beijing suffers from hidden voids, detachments, and moisture infiltration from long-term weathering and human impacts. Invasive diagnostics risk irreversible damage to this UNESCO site. This study developed a non-destructive 400 MHz GPR framework integrating attribute analysis and 3D imaging, validated through scaled physical models and field surveys at the Panlongshan section. Instantaneous amplitude enabled 3D reconstruction with 19.41% mean volumetric error. Strong empirical
Source: NDT
